求高考化学试题方程【重庆】
1.非金属元素(氟、氯、氧、硫、N2、磷、碳、硅)
1，氧化:
F2+H2 = = 2hff2+Xe(过量)= = Xef22f2(过量)+Xe = = XeF4。
Nf2+2m = = 2mfn(对于大多数金属)2f2+2h2o = = 4hf+O2。
2 F2+2 NaOH = = = 2 NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2 NaCl = = = 2 NaF+Cl2
F2+2 nab r = = 2 NaF+br2f 2+2 nai = = 2 NaF+i2f 2+Cl2(等体积)= = 2clf。
3F2(过量)+Cl2 = = 2clf37f2(过量)+I2 = = 2f7
Cl2+H2 = = = 2 HCl 3c L2+2P = = = 2 PCL 3 Cl2+PC L3 = = = PC l5
Cl2+2Na = = = 2 NaCl 3c L2+2Fe = = = 2 FeCl 3 Cl2+2 FeCl 2 = = = 2 FeCl 3
Cl2+Cu = = = cuc L2 2cl 2+2 nabr = = = 2 NaCl+br2cl 2+2 nai = = = 2 NaCl+I2
5cl 2+I2+6H2O = = = 2 hio 3+10 HCl Cl2+Na2S = = = 2 NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S = = = 2 HCl+S Cl2+SO2+2H2O = = = h2so 4+2 HCl Cl2+H2O 2 = = = 2 HCl+O2
2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4 O2+K===KO2
S+H2 = = = H2S 2S+C = = = cs2s+Fe = = = FeS S+2Cu = = = Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3 S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3 H2 = = = 2 NH3 N2+3mg = = = mg3n 2 N2+3Ca = = = ca3n 2
N2+3Ba = = = ba3n 2 N2+6Na = = = 2na 3n N2+6K = = = 2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P4+6 H2 = = = 4p H3 P+3Na = = = Na3P 2P+3Zn = = = zn3p 2
2.还原能力
S+O2 = = SO2 S+H2SO4(浓缩)==3SO2+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)= = = H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3+4HNO(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O。
N2+氧气===2NO
4p+5o2 = = p4o10(常写成p2o5) 2p+3x2 = = 2px3 (x代表F2，Cl2，Br2)。
PX3+X2 = = PX5P4+20HNO3(浓缩)= = 4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2f2 = = = cf4c+2cl2 = = ccl42c+O2(少量)= = 2co。
C+O2(足量)= = CO2 C+CO2 = = = 2coc+H2O = = = Co+H2(生成水煤气)
2c+SiO2 = = Si+2co(生产粗硅)
Si(粗)+2cl = = sicl4 (sicl4+2h2 = = Si(纯)+4HCl) Si(粉末)+O2 = = SiO2。
Si+C = = SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3.歧化(在碱中)
Cl2+H2O = = HCl+HCLO(加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光促进歧化)
Cl2+2 NaOH = = = NaCl+NaClO+H2O Cl2+2Ca(OH)2 = = = CaCl 2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(热，浓)= = 5k cl+kclo 3+3H2O 3+6 NaOH = = = 2Na2S+na2so 3+3H2O。
4P+3KOH(浓缩)+3H2O = = PH3+3K2PO2
11P+15 cuso 4+24H2O = = = 5Cu3P+6h3po 4+15 h2so 4
3C+CaO = = = CAC 2+CO 3C+SiO 2 = = = SiC+2CO
2.简单金属(钠、镁、铝、铁)的还原性
2Na+H2 = = = 2 nah 4Na+O2 = = = 2Na 2o 2Na 2o+O2 = = = 2Na 2 o 2
2na+O2 = = Na2O22na+S = = Na2S(爆炸)2na+2H2O = = 2NaOH+H2。
2na+2nh3 = = 2nanh2+H24na+TiCl4(熔化)===4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2 = = = MGC L2 Mg+Br2 = = = mgbr 2 2Mg+O2 = = = 2 MgO
Mg+S===MgS Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2Mg+TiCl4(熔化)= = = Ti+2 MgCl2 mg+2Bcl = = MgCl2+2Rb。
2Mg+CO2 = = = 2 MgO+c2mg+SiO 2 = = = 2 MgO+Si Mg+H2S = = = MgS+H2
镁+硫酸= = =硫酸镁+H2
2al+3c L2 = = 2 ALCL 3 4al+3 O2 = = = 2al2o 3(钝化)
4al(汞)+3o 2+2xh2o = = 2(al2o 3·xh2o)+4hg(铝汞合金)
4Al+3m NO2 = = = 2al2o 3+3Mn 2Al+cr2o 3 = = = al2o 3+2Cr 2Al+fe2o 3 = = = al2o 3+2Fe
2Al+3 FeO = = = al2o 3+3Fe 2Al+6h cl = = = 2 ALCL 3+3 H2
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)= = Al2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O (Al和Fe在冷的浓H2SO4、HNO3 HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO(稀释)= = Al(NO3)3+NO+2h2o 2al+2 NNA oh+2h2o = = 2 nalo 2+3 H2
2Fe+3br 2 = = = 2 febr 3 Fe+I2 = = = Fei 2 Fe+S = = = FeS
3Fe+4H2O(g)= = = fe3o 4+4h2fe+2 HCl = = = FeCl 2+H2 Fe+cuc L2 = = = FeCl 2+Cu
Fe+sncl4 = = FeCl2+sncl2(酸性环境下铁不能将四氯化锡完全还原为元素锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)。
三。非金属氢化物(氟化氢、氯化氢、H2O、H2S、氨气)
1，可约性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO 2 = = MNC L2+Cl2+2h2o 4 HCl(g)+O2 = = = 2cl 2+2h2o。
16 HCl+2 kmno 4 = = = 2 KCl+2 mncl 2+5cl 2+8H2O
14 HCl+k2 Cr 2 o 7 = = = 2 KCl+2 rcl 3+3c L2+7H2O
2h2o+2f2 = = 4hf+O2 2h2s+3o2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
2H2S+O2(少量)= = 2s+2h2o 2h2s+SO2 = = = 3s+2h2o。
H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O。
5H2S+2 kmno 4+3h2so 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+5S+8H2O
3H2S+k2cr 2 o 7+4h2so 4 = = = Cr2(SO4)3+k2so 4+3S+7H2O
2高中化学所有化学方程式
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
2h 3+3c uo = = = 3Cu+N2+3H2O 2h 3+3c L2 = = = N2+6h cl
8nh3+3cl2 = = N2+6nh4cl4nh3+3o2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O
4nh 3+5o 2 = = 4NO+6H2O 4nh 3+6NO = = 5 N2+6HO(用氨水去除NO)
NaH+H2O = = = NaOH+H2·4 NaH+TiCl 4 = = = Ti+4 NaCl+2 H2
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2.酸度:
4hf+SiO2 = = sif4+2h2o(该反应广泛用于测定矿石样品或钢铁样品中SiO2的含量)。
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl
H2S+Fe = = = FeS+H2 H2S+cuc L2 = = = CuS+2 HCl H2S+2 agno 3 = = = Ag2S+2 HNO 3
H2S+氯化汞= = =硫化汞+2盐酸H2S+硝酸铅= = = PbS+2硝酸
H2S+氯化铁= = =硫酸亚铁+盐酸
2n H3+2Na = = 2n H2+H2(nan H2+H2O = = = NaOH+NH3)
3.碱度:
NH3+HCl = = = NH4Cl NH3+HNO 3 = = = nh4no 3·2NH3+h2so 4 = = =(NH4)2so 4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2 = = nahco3+NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打、苏打)。
4.不稳定性:
2HF = = = H2+F2·2HCl = = = H2+Cl2·2H2O = = = 2 H2+O2·2H2O 2 = = = 2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S 2NH3===N2+3H2
四。非金属氧化物
1，低价态的还原性:
2so2+O2+2h2o = = 2h2so4(这是大气中so2的环境化学反应)。
2so 2+O2 = = = 2so 3 SO2+Cl2+2H2O = = = h2so 4+2 HCl SO2+NO2 = = = SO3+NO
SO2+Br2+2H2O = = = h2so 4+2HBr SO2+I2+2H2O = = = h2so 4+2HI
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH = = 2nano2(用于吸收硝酸工业尾气中的NO和NO2)
2CO+O2 = = = 2CO 2 CO+CuO = = = Cu+CO2 3CO+fe2o 3 = = = 2Fe+3CO 2
一氧化碳+H2O = = =二氧化碳+H2
2、氧化:
SO2+2H2S = = = 3S+2H2O SO3+2KI = = = k2so 3+I2
NO2+2ki+H2O = = NO+I2+2koh(溴蒸气和NO2不能用淀粉ki溶液区分)。
4 NO2+H2S = = = 4NO+SO3+H2O 2 NO2+Cu = = = 4 CuO+N2
CO2+2mg = = 2mgo+c (CO2不能用于扑灭镁、钙、钡、钠、钾等燃烧的火。).
SiO 2+2 H2 = = = Si+2H2O SiO 2+2mg = = = 2 MgO+Si
3.与水的相互作用:
SO2+H2O = = = h2so 3 SO3+H2O = = = h2so 4 3no 2+H2O = = = 2 HNO 3+NO
N2O 5+H2O = = = 2 HNO 3 p2o 5+H2O = = = 2 hpo 3
P2O5+3H2O = = 2HPO4 (P2O5易吸水，可用作气体干燥剂)。
P2O5+3H2SO4(浓缩)= = 2HPO4+3SO3CO2+H2O = = H2CO3
4.与碱性物质的相互作用:
SO2+2 NH3+H2O = = =(NH4)2s O3 SO2+(NH4)2s O3+H2O = = = 2 NH 4h so 3
(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应。先用氨水吸收SO2，再用H2SO4处理:2 NH 4h so 3+h2so 4 = =(NH4)2so 4+2H2O+2so 2生成的硫酸铵作为肥料，SO2作为原料气循环使用。)
SO2+Ca (OH) 2 = = caso3+H2O (SO2和CO2不能用澄清石灰水鉴别，只能用品红鉴别)。
SO3+氧化镁= = =硫酸镁SO3+氢氧化钙= = =硫酸钙+H2O
CO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2O CO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3
CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)= = CaCO3+H2O2 CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2 = Ca(HCO 3)2
CO2+2 NAA lo 2+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+na2co 3 CO2+c 6 H5 ona+H2O = = = c 6 H5 OH+nah co 3
SiO 2+Cao = = casio 3 SiO 2+2 NaOH = = na 2 SiO 3+H2O(强碱在室温下缓慢腐蚀玻璃)。
SiO 2+na2co 3 = = = na 2 SiO 3+CO2 SiO 2+CaCO3 = = = casio 3+CO2
动词 （verb的缩写）金属氧化物
1，低价态的还原性:
6 FeO+O2 = = = 2 fe3o 4 FeO+4 HNO 3 = = = Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O
2、氧化:
Na2O2+2na = = 2n2o(此反应用于制备Na2O)。
MgO和Al2O3几乎不被氧化，因此它们难以被还原成Mg和Al。通常，镁和铝是通过电解产生的。
Fe2O3+3H2 = = 2Fe+3H2O(还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2 = = 3Fe+4H2O。
3.与水的相互作用:
Na2O+H2O = = = 2 NaOH 2na 2 o 2+2H2O = = = 4 NaOH+O2
(这个反应分两步:Na2O 2+2H2O = = 2 NaOH+H2O 2；2H2O2 = = 2H2O2+O2。H2O2可以通过类似的反应制备:BaO2+H2SO4(稀释)===BaSO4+H2O2)。
氧化镁+H2O = =氢氧化镁(慢反应)
4.与酸性物质的相互作用:
Na2O+SO3 = = = na2so 4 Na2O+CO2 = = = na2co 3 Na2O+2 HCl = = = 2 NaCl+H2O
2 NNA 2 o 2+2co 2 = = 2 na2co 3+O2 Na2O 2+h2so 4(冷，稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2。
氧化镁+SO3 = = =硫酸镁氧化镁+硫酸= = =硫酸镁+H2O
al2o 3+3h2so 4 = = Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(al2o 3是一种两性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH = = 2NALO2+H2O)
FeO+2 HCl = = = FeCl 2+3H2O fe2o 3+6h cl = = = 2 FeCl 3+3H2O
fe2o 3+3H2S(g)= = = fe2s 3+3H2O fe3o 4+8 HCl = = = FeCl 2+2 FeCl 3+4H2O
3高中化学所有化学方程式
不及物动词含氧酸
1，氧化:
4 hclo 3+3H2S = = = 3h2so 4+4 HCl hclo 3+HI = = = hio 3+HCl
3 HClO+HI = = = hio 3+3 HCl HClO+h2so 3 = = = h2so 4+HCl
Hclo+H2O2 = = HCl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO & gtHClO2 & gtHClO3 & gtHClO4，但是又厚又热的HClO4具有很强的氧化性)
2H2SO4(浓缩)+C = = = CO2+2SO2+2H2SO4(浓缩)+S===3SO2+2H2O。
H2SO4+Fe(Al)常温钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe = = Fe2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O。
2H2SO4(浓缩)+Cu = = = CuSO4+SO2+2H2SO4(浓缩)+2HBR = = SO2+Br2+2H2O。
H2SO4(浓)+2hi = = SO2+I2+2h2o H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2。
2h2so3+2h2s = = 3s+2h2o 4hno3(浓缩)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O。
6HNO3(浓缩)+S = = H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(浓缩)+P = = H3PO4+5NO2+H2O。
6h NO3+Fe = = = Fe(NO3)3+3no 2+3H2O 4 HNO 3+Fe = = = Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
30 HNO 3+8Fe = = = 8Fe(NO3)3+3n 2 o+15H2O 36 HNO 3+10Fe = = = 10Fe(NO3)3+3n 2+18H2O
30硝酸+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O
2.还原性:
H2SO4+X2+H2O = = H2SO4+2hx (X代表Cl2、Br2、I2) 2H2SO4+O2 = = 2H2SO4。
h2so 3+H2O 2 = = = h2so 4+H2O 5 h2so 3+2 kmno 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+2h2so 4+3H2O
h2so 3+2 FeCl 3+H2O = = h2so 4+2 FeCl 2+2 HCl
3.酸度:
H2SO4(浓缩)+caf2 = = caso4+2hf H2SO4(浓缩)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl。
H2SO4(浓缩)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl H2SO4(浓缩)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3。
3H2SO4(浓)+CA3 (PO4) 2 = = 3caso4+2h3po4
2H2SO4(浓)+ca3 (po4) 2 = = 2caso4+ca (h2po4) 2
3 HNO 3+ag3po 4 = = = h3po 4+3 agno 3 2 HNO 3+CaCO3 = = = Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2
硝酸和浓H2SO4不能制备还原气体，如H2S、氯化氢、溴化氢和二氧化硫。
4h3po4+ca3 (po4) 2 = = 3ca (h2po4) 2(重钙)
H3PO4(浓缩)+nabr = = nah2po4+HBR h3po4(浓缩)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI。
4.不稳定性:
2 hclo = = = 2 HCl+O2 4h no 3 = = = 4 NO2+O2+2H2O h2so 3 = = = H2O+SO2
h2co 3 = = = H2O+CO2 h4sio 4 = = = h2sio 3+H2O
七。碱
1，低价态的还原性:
4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3
2.与酸性物质的相互作用:
2NaOH+SO2(少量)= = Na2SO3+H2O NaOH+SO2(足量)= = nahso3
2 NaOH+SiO 2 = = = nasio 3+H2O 2 NaOH+al2o 3 = = = 2 NAA lo 2+H2O
2 NaOH+Cl2 = = = NaCl+NaClO+H2O NaOH+HCl = = = NaCl+H2O
NaOH+H2S(足量)= = nahs+H2O2 NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O
3 NaOH+ALC L3 = = = Al(OH)3+3 NaCl NaOH+Al(OH)3 = = = NAA lo 2+2H2O
(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性更大？)NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2O
Mg (oh) 2+2nh4cl = = MgCl2+2nh3。H2O al (oh) 3+NH4Cl是不溶的。
3.不稳定性:
mg(OH)2 = = = MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3 = = = al2o 3+3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 = = = fe2o 3+3H2O
氢氧化铜= = =氧化铜+H2O
八。盐
1，氧化:
2 FeCl 3+Fe = = 3 FeCl 2 2 FeCl 3+Cu = = = 2 FeCl 2+cuc L2(用于雕刻铜电路板)
2 FeCl 3+Zn = = = 2 FeCl 2+ZnCl 2 FeCl 3+Ag = = = FeCl 2+AgC
Fe2 (SO4) 3+2ag = = FeSO4+Ag2SO4(难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应。
2 FeCl 3+H2S = = = 2 FeCl 2+2 HCl+S2 FeCl 3+2KI = = = 2 FeCl 2+2 KCl+I2
FeCl 2+Mg = = Fe+MGC L2
2.还原性:
2fecl2+Cl2 = = 2fecl3 3N2S+8HNO3(稀释)= = 6Nano3+2NO+3S+4H2O
3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀释)= = 3n a2 so 4+2NO+H2O 2 N2 a2 so 3+O2 = = = 2na 2 so 4
3.与碱性物质的相互作用:
氯化镁+2氨。H2O = = =氢氧化镁+氯化铵AlCl3+3NH3。H2O = = =氢氧化铝+3 NH 4h cl
FeCl3+3NH3。H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl
4.与酸性物质的相互作用:
na3po 4+HCl = = = na 2 hpo 4+NaCl na 2 hpo 4+HCl = = = nah 2 po 4+NaCl
nah 2 po 4+HCl = = = h3po 4+NaCl na2co 3+HCl = = = nah co 3+NaCl
nah co 3+HCl = = = NaCl+H2O+CO2 3 na 2co 3+2 ALCL 3+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+3 CO2+6 NaCl
3n a2 co 3+2 FeCl 3+3H2O = = = 2Fe(OH)3+3 CO2+6 NaCl
3 nah co 3+ALC L3 = = = Al(OH)3+3 CO2 3 nah co 3+FeCl 3 = = = Fe(OH)3+3 CO2
3na 2s+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+3H2S 3 naalo 2+ALC L3+6H2O = = = 4Al(OH)3
5.不稳定性:
na 2 S2 o 3+h2so 4 = = = na2so 4+S+SO2+H2O NH4Cl = = = NH3+HCl
NH 4h co 3 = = = NH3+H2O+CO2·2kno 3 = = = 2kno 2+O2
2Cu(NO3)3 = = = 2 CuO+4 NO2+O2 2k MnO 4 = = = k2 MnO 4+MnO 2+O2
2 kclo 3 = = = 2 KCl+3 O2·2 nah co 3 = = = na2co 3+H2O+CO2
ca(HCO 3)2 = = = CaCO3+H2O+CO2 CaCO3 = = = CaO+CO2 MGC O3 = = = MgO+CO2